Edo Castle

is a flatland castle that was built in 1457 by Ōta Dōkan in Edo, Toshima District, Musashi Province. In modern times it is part of the Tokyo Imperial Palace in Chiyoda, Tokyo and is therefore also known as .
Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate there, and it was the residence of the ''shōgun'' and the headquarters of the military government during the Edo period (1603-1867) in Japanese history. After the resignation of the ''shōgun'' and the Meiji Restoration, it became the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Some moats, walls and ramparts of the castle survive to this day. However, the grounds were more extensive during the Edo period, with Tokyo Station and the Marunouchi section of the city lying within the outermost moat. It also encompassed Kitanomaru Park, the Nippon Budokan Hall and other current landmarks of the surrounding area.

History

The warrior Edo Shigetsugu built his residence in what is now the ''Honmaru'' and ''Ninomaru'' part of Edo Castle, around the end of the Heian or beginning of the Kamakura period. The Edo clan left in the 15th century as a result of uprisings in the Kantō region, and Ōta Dōkan, a retainer of the Ogigayatsu Uesugi family, built Edo Castle in 1457.

The castle later came under the control of the Later Hōjō clan in 1524 after the Siege of Edo. The castle was vacated in 1590 due to the Siege of Odawara. Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo Castle his base after he was offered eight eastern provinces by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He later defeated Toyotomi Hideyori, son of Hideyoshi, at the Siege of Osaka in 1615, and emerged as the political leader of Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of '' Sei-i Taishōgun'' in 1603, and Edo became the center of Tokugawa's administration.

Initially, parts of the area were lying under water. The sea reached the present ''Nishinomaru'' area of Edo Castle, and Hibiya was a beach. The landscape was changed for the construction of the castle. Most construction started in 1593 and was completed in 1636 under Ieyasu's grandson, Tokugawa Iemitsu. By this time, Edo had a population of 150,000.

The existing ''Honmaru'', ''Ninomaru'', and ''Sannomaru'' areas were extended with the addition of the ''Nishinomaru'', ''Nishinomaru-shita'', ''Fukiage'', and ''Kitanomaru'' areas. The perimeter measured 16 km.

The ''shōgun'' required the ''daimyōs'' to supply building materials or finances, a method shogunate used to keep the powers of the ''daimyōs'' in check. Large granite stones were moved from afar, the size and number of the stones depended on the wealth of the ''daimyōs''. The wealthier ones had to contribute more. Those who did not supply stones were required to contribute labor for such tasks as digging the large moats and flattening hills. The earth that was taken from the moats was used as landfill for sea-reclamation or to level the ground. Thus the construction of Edo Castle laid the foundation for parts of the city where merchants were able to settle.

At least 10,000 men were involved in the first phase of the construction and more than 300,000 in the middle phase. When construction ended, the castle had 38 gates. The ramparts were almost high and the outer walls were high. Moats forming roughly concentric circles were dug for further protection. Some moats reached as far as Ichigaya and Yotsuya, and parts of the ramparts survive to this day. This area is bordered by either the sea or the Kanda River, allowing ships access.

Various fires over the centuries damaged or destroyed parts of the castle, Edo and the majority of its buildings being made of timber.

On April 21, 1701, in the Great Pine Corridor (''Matsu no Ōrōka'') of Edo Castle, Asano Takumi-no-kami drew his short sword and attempted to kill Kira Kōzuke-no-suke for insulting him. This triggered the events involving the forty-seven ''rōnin''.

After the capitulation of the shogunate in 1867, the inhabitants and ''shōgun'' had to vacate the premises. The castle compound was renamed in October, 1868, and then renamed in 1869. In the year Meiji 2 (1868), on the 23rd day of the 10th month of the Japanese calendar the emperor moved to Tokyo and Edo castle became an imperial palace.

A fire consumed the old Edo Castle on the night of May 5, 1873. The area around the old keep, which burned in the 1657 Meireki fire, became the site of the new Imperial , built in 1888. Some Tokugawa-period buildings which were still standing were destroyed to make space for new structures for the imperial government. The imperial palace building itself, however, was constructed in ''Nishinomaru'' Ward, not in the same location as the ''shōgun''s palace in ''Honmaru'' Ward.

The site suffered substantial damage during World War II and in the destruction of Tokyo in 1945.

Today the site is part of the Tokyo Imperial Palace. The government declared the area an historic site and has undertaken steps to restore and preserve the remaining structures of Edo Castle.

Appearance of Edo Castle

The plan of Edo Castle was not only large but elaborate. The grounds were divided into various wards, or citadels. The ''Honmaru'' was in the center, with the ''Ninomaru'' (second compound), ''Sannomaru'' (third compound) extending to the east; the ''Nishinomaru'' (west compound) flanked by ''Nishinomaru-shita'' (outer section) and ''Fukiage'' (firebreak compound); and the ''Kitanomaru'' (north compound). The different wards were divided by moats and large stone walls, on which various keeps, defense houses and towers were built. To the east, beyond the ''Sannomaru'' was an outer moat, enclosing the ''Otomachi'' and ''Daimyō-Kōji'' districts.
''Ishigaki'' stone walls were constructed around the ''Honmaru'' and the eastern side of the ''Nishinomaru''. Each ward could be reached via wooden bridges, which were buffered by gates on either side. The circumference is subject to debate, with estimates ranging from 6 to 10 miles.Schmorleitz, pg. 105

With the enforcement of the ''sankin-kōtai'' system in the 17th century, it became expedient for the ''daimyōs'' to set up residence in Edo close to the ''shōgun''. Surrounding the inner compounds of the castle were the residences of ''daimyōs'', most of which were concentrated at the Outer Sakurada Gate to the south-east and in the ''Ōtemachi'' and ''Daimyō-Kōji'' districts east of the castle inside the outer moat. Some residences were also within the inner moats in the outer ''Nishinomaru''.

The mansions were large and very elaborate, with no expenses spared to construct palaces with Japanese gardens and multiple gates. Each block had four to six of the mansions, which were surrounded by ditches for drainage. ''Daimyōs'' with lesser wealth were allowed to set up their houses, called ''banchō'', to the north and west of the castle.

To the east and south of the castle were sections that were set aside for merchants, since this area was considered unsuitable for residences. The entertainment district Yoshiwara was also there.

Gates

The inner citadels of the castle were protected by multiple large and small wooden gates ( ''mon''), constructed in-between the gaps of the stone wall. Not many are left today. From south to southwest to north, the main gates are at ''Nijūbashi'', ''Sakurada-mon'', ''Sakashita-mon'', ''Kikyō-mon'', ''Hanzō-mon'', ''Inui-mon'', ''Ōte-mon'', ''Hirakawa-mon'' and ''Kitahanebashi-mon''. Only the stone foundations of the other gates (meaning the gap left in between the large stone walls for the wooden gates) are still preserved. Large gates, such as the ''Ōte-mon'', had a guard of 120 men, while the smaller gates were guarded by 30 to 70 armed men.

An eye-witness account is given by the French director François Caron from the Dutch colony at Dejima. He described the gates and courts being laid out in such a manner as to confuse an outsider. Caron noted the gates were not placed in a straight line, but were staggered, forcing a person to make a 90 degree turn to pass on to the next gate. This style of construction for the main gates is called ''masugata'' (meaning "square"). As noted by Caron, the gate consisted of a square-shaped courtyard or enclosure and a two-story gatehouse which is entered via three roofed ''kōrai-mon''. The ''watari-yagura-mon'' was constructed at adjacent angles to each side within the gate.Hinago, pg. 138 All major gates had large timbers that framed the main entry point and were constructed to impress and proclaim the might of the shogunate.

Garrison

Accounts of how many armed men served at Edo Castle vary. The Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco gave an eye-witness account in 1608–1609, describing the huge stones that made up the walls and a large number of people at the castle. He claimed to have seen 20,000 servants between the first gate and the ''shōgun''s palace. He passed through two ranks of 1,000 soldiers armed with muskets, and by the second gate he was escorted by 400 armed men. He passed stables that apparently had room for 200 horses and an armory that stored enough weapons for 100,000 men.

''Honmaru''

was the central, innermost part of the castle containing the keep and residence of the ''shōgun''. The stately and luxurious main buildings of the ''Honmaru'', consisting of the outer, central, and inner halls, were said to have covered an area of during the Kan-ei era (1624–1644). Surrounding the ''Honmaru'' were curtain walls, with 11 keeps, 15 defense houses and more than 20 gates.

''Honmaru'' was destroyed several times by fire and reconstructed after each fire. The keep and main palace were destroyed in 1657 and 1863, respectively, and not reconstructed. Some remains, such as the ''Fujimi-yagura'' keep and ''Fujimi-tamon'' defense house, still exist.

The ''Honmaru'' was surrounded by moats on all sides. To the north separating ''Honmaru'' from the ''Kitanomaru'' were the ''Inui-bori'' and ''Hirakawa-bori'', to the east separating the ''Ninomaru'' was the ''Hakuchō-bori'', and to the west and south separating the ''Nishinomaru'' were the ''Hasuike-bori'' and ''Hamaguri-bori''.
Most of these still exist, although the ''Hakuchō-bori'' has partly been filled in since the Meiji era.

''Kitahanebashi-mon''

is the northern gate to the ''Honmaru'' ward, facing ''Kitanomaru'' ward across Daikan-cho street. It is also constructed as a ''masu''-gate just like ''Ōte-mon'' and ''Hirakawa-mon'', and has a ''watari-yagura-mon'' in a left angle. The bridge in front of the gate, which was once a drawbridge during the Edo period, is now fixed to the ground. The metal clasps used to draw the bridge are still attached to the roof of the gate.

Keep

The main keep or tower (known as the ) was in the northern corner of the ''Honmaru'' ward. ''Kitahanebashi-mon'' is right next to it and was one of the main gateways to this innermost part. The measurements are in width from east to west, in length from north to south, and in height. A five-storey keep used to stand on this base which was in height and was thus the highest castle tower in the whole of Japan, symbolizing the power of the ''shōgun''. The keep and its multiple roofs were constructed in 1607 and ornamented with gold. It was destroyed in the 1657 Fire of Meireki and not reconstructed. The foundations of the keep are all that is left.

Despite this, ''jidaigeki'' movies (such as ''Abarenbō Shōgun'') set in Edo usually depict Edo Castle as having a keep, and substitute Himeji Castle for that purpose.

A non-profit "Rebuilding Edo-jo Association" (NPO江戸城再建) was founded in 2004 with the aim of a historically correct reconstruction of at least the main keep. In March 2013 Naotaka Kotake, head of the group, said that "The capital city needs a symbolic building", and that the group planned to collect donations and signatures on a petition in the hope of having the tower rebuilt. A reconstruction blueprint had been made based on old documents. The Imperial Household Agency had not indicated whether it would support the project.

''Honmaru'' Palace

The residential and the gardens of the ''shōgun'' and his court were constructed around the castle keep in the ''Honmaru'' area. It consisted of a series of low-level buildings, connected by corridors and congregating around various gardens, courtyards or lying detached, similar to the structures that can be seen in Nijō Castle in Kyoto today. These structures were used for either residential or governmental purposes such as audiences.

The ''Honmaru'' Palace was one story high, and consisted of three sections:

# The ''Ō-omote'' (Great Outer Palace) contained reception rooms for public audience and apartments for guards and officials;
# The ''Naka-oku'' (middle interior) was where the ''shōgun'' received his relatives, higher lords and met his counselors for the affairs of state; and
# ''Ōoku'' (great interior) contained the private apartments of the ''shōgun'' and his ladies-in-waiting. The great interior was strictly off-limits and communication went through young messenger boys. The great interior was apparently 1,000 tatami mats in size and could be divided into sections by the use of sliding ''shōji'' doors, which were painted in elegant schemes.

Various fires destroyed the ''Honmaru'' Palace over time and was rebuilt after each fire. In the span from 1844 to 1863, ''Honmaru'' experienced three fires. After each fire, the ''shōgun'' moved to the ''Nishinomaru'' residences for the time being until reconstruction was complete. However, in 1853 both the ''Honmaru'' and ''Nishinomaru'' burned down, forcing the ''shōgun'' to move into a ''daimyō'' residence. The last fire occurred in 1873, after which the palace was not rebuilt by the new imperial government.
Behind the ''Honmaru'' Palace was the main keep. Besides being the location of the keep and palace, the ''Honmaru'' was also the site of the treasury. Three storehouses that bordered on a rampart adjoined the palace on the other side. The entrance was small, made with thick lumber and heavily guarded. Behind the wall was a deep drop to the moat below, making the area secure.

''Fujimi-yagura''

The stands in the south-eastern corner of the ''Honmaru'' enceinte and is three storeys high. ''Fujimi-yagura'' is one of only three remaining keeps of the inner citadel of Edo Castle, from a total number of originally eleven. The other remaining keeps are ''Fushimi-yagura'' (next to the upper steel bridge of ''Nijūbashi'') and ''Tatsumi-nijyu-yagura'' (at the corner of ''Kikyō-bori'' moat next to ''Kikyō-mon'' gate). It is also called the "all-front-sided" keep because all sides look the same from all directions. It is believed that once Mount Fuji could be seen from this keep, hence the name. Since the main keep of Edo Castle was destroyed in 1657 and not reconstructed, the ''Fujimi-yagura'' took on its role and was an important building after being constructed in 1659 during the Edo period. About north of the ''Fujimi-yagura'' is the former site of the ''Matsu no Ōrōka'' corridor, scene of dramatic events in 1701 that led to the forty-seven ''rōnin'' incident.

''Fujimi-tamon''

The defense house is about north from the ''Matsu no Ōrōka''. This defense house sits on top of the large stone walls overlooking to the ''Hasuike-bori'' (Lotus-growing moat). Weapons and tools were stored here. During the Edo period, double and triple keeps (''yagura'') were constructed at strategic points on top of the stone wall surrounding the ''Honmaru''. In between each keep, a defense house (called ''tamon'') was erected for defensive purposes. There were once 15 of these houses in the ''Honmaru'', of which only the ''Fujimi-tamon'' still exists.

''Ishimuro''

North of the ''Fujimi-tamon'' is the , on a slope. It is about . Its precise purpose is unknown, but since it is close to the former inner palace storage area, it is believed to have been used for storage of supplies and documents for the shogunate.

''Shiomi-zaka''

is a slope running alongside today's Imperial Music Department building towards ''Ninomaru'' enceinte. In old times apparently the sea could be seen from here, therefore its name.

''Ninomaru''

At the foot of the ''Shiomi-zaka'' on the eastern side of the ''Honmaru'' lies the of Edo Castle. A palace for the heirs of the Tokugawa ''shōguns'' was constructed in 1639 in the west area (Western Perimeter) and in 1630 it is reported that a garden designed by Kobori Enshū, who was the founder of Japanese landscaping, was to its south-east. Several fires destroyed whatever stood here and it was not reconstructed. Aside from the ''Honmaru'' palace, the ''Ninomaru'' was surrounded by 7 keeps, 8 defense houses, approximately 10 gates and other guardhouses. The ''Tenjin-bori'' separates a part of the ''Ninomaru'' to the ''Sannomaru''.

Several renovations were carried out over the years until the Meiji era. A completely new garden has been laid out since then around the old pond left from the Edo period. Only the ''Hyakunin-bansho'' and ''Dōshin-bansho'' are still standing.

''Dōshin-bansho''

The is a guardhouse. A big guardhouse was within the ''Ōte-mon'' where today's security is. The passageway proceeding west from the guardhouse becomes narrower within the stone walls on both sides. The ''dōshin-bansho'' is on the right side past this passageway. This is where the samurai guardsmen were posted to watch over the castle grounds.

''Hyakunin-bansho''

There is a big stone wall in front of the ''Dōshin-bansho'', which is the foundation of the ''Ōte-sanno-mon watari-yagura'' keep. The long building to the left on the southern side of this foundation is the . The ''Hyakunin-bansho'' is so called because it housed a hundred guardsmen closely associated with the Tokugawa clan.

''Ō-bansho''

The large stone wall in front of the ''Hyakunin-bansho'' is all that is left of the ''Naka-no-mon watari-yagura'' (Inner Gate Keep). This building to the inner-right side of the gate is the . As the ''Honmaru'' enceinte was said to begin right behind the ''Naka-no-mon'' gate, the ''Ō-bansho'' probably played a key role in the security of Edo Castle.

''Suwa-no-Chaya''

The is a teahouse that was once in the ''Fukiage'' garden during the Edo period. After various relocations in the Meiji era, today it is in the modern ''Ninomaru'' Garden.

''Sannomaru''

The is the easternmost enceinte next to the ''Ninomaru'', separated by the ''Tenjin-bori''. Ōte-bori is to the north, running then south is ''Kikyō-bori''.

''Bairin-zaka''

A steep slope, , runs from eastern ''Honmaru'' toward ''Hirakawa-mon'' in front of the today's Archives and Mausolea Department building. It is said that Ōta Dōkan planted several hundred plum trees in 1478 in dedication to Sugawara no Michizane. Dōkan is said to have built the Sanno-Gongendō here, where two shrines were when the Tokugawa clan occupied the site. With the erection of the ''Honmaru'' of Edo Castle, the shrine dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane was moved to Kojimachi Hirakawa-chō and later became known as Hirakawa Shrine. Sanno Shrine was first moved to ''Momijiyama'' of Edo Castle and became its tutelary shrine but was moved again. Today it is known as Hie Shrine.

''Hirakawa-mon''

is said to have been the main gate to the ''Sannomaru'' of Edo Castle. It is also said to have been the side gate for maidservants and therefore called the ''Otsubone-mon''. The shape of this gate is in the ''masugata'', similar to the ''Ōte-mon''. However a ''watari-yagura-mon'' is built to an adjacent left angle within the ''kōrai-mon'', of which it has two. The other ''kōrai-mon'' is to the west of the ''watari-yagura-mon'' which was used as the "gates of the unclean" for the deceased and criminals from within the castle. Outside this gate is a wooden bridge with railings crowned with ''giboshi''-ornamental tops.

''Ōte-mon''

was the main gate of the castle. During the reign of the second Tokugawa ''shōgun'' Hidetada, the castle underwent repairs in the 1620s and the gate is said to have taken its present form at this time, with the help of Date Masamune, lord of Sendai Castle, and Soma Toshitane, lord of Nakamura Castle.

A fire in Edo destroyed the ''Ōte-mon'' in January 1657, but was reconstructed in November 1658. It was severely damaged twice, in 1703 and 1855, by strong earthquakes, and reconstructed to stand until the Meiji era. Several repairs were conducted after the Meiji era, but the damage caused by the September 1923 Great Kantō earthquake lead to the dismantling of the ''watari-yagura'' (渡り櫓) and rebuilding of the stone walls on each side of the gate in 1925.

The ''watari-yagura'' was burnt down completely during World War II on April 30, 1945. Restoration took place from October 1965 through March 1967, to repair the ''kōrai''-mon and its walls, and the ''Ōte-mon'' was reconstructed.

''Tatsumi-yagura''

The , also known as , is a two-story high keep at the easternmost corner of the ''Sannomaru'' and the only keep still remaining in it.

''Kikyō-mon''

One of the few gates left of the ''Ninomaru'' is the , which is also known as the Inner ''Sakurada-mon'', as opposed to the (Outer) ''Sakurada-mon'' in the south. The architecture of the tower is a gate and in the ''kōrai'' style.

''Nishinomaru''

The was the location of the palaces and residences of the retired ''shōgun'' and the heir-apparent for a while. The outer part of the ''Nishinomaru'' to the east (today's Outer Gardens of the Imperial Palace) was the site of various residences of ''daimyōs''. The ''Nishinomaru'' is bordered by moats to the west such as the ''Dōkan-bori'', ''Sakurada-bori'' and Gaisen-bori to the south, ''Kikyō-bori'' and ''Hamaguri-bori'' to the north. After each fire in the ''Honmaru'', the ''shōgun'' normally moved into the ''Nishinomaru'', although it was also destroyed by fire in 1853. On May 5, 1873, the ''Nishinomaru'' residence burned down. On its site, the imperial palace was built in the Meiji era.

''Sakurada-mon''

Protecting the ''Nishinomaru'' from the south is the large Outer . This gate is not to be confused with the Inner ''Sakurada-mon'', also known as ''Kikyo-mon'' between ''Nishinomaru'' and ''Sannomaru''.

''Seimon Ishibashi'' and ''Seimon Tetsubashi''

Two bridges led over the moats. The bridges that were once wooden and arched, were replaced with modern stone and iron cast structures in the Meiji era. The bridges were once buffered by gates on both ends, of which only the ''Nishinomaru''-mon has survived, which is the main gate to today's Imperial Palace.

The bridge in the foreground used to be called , while the one in the back was called .

After their replacement in the Meiji era, the bridge is now called ) and , respectively. The iron bridge is also known as , because the original wooden bridge was built on top of an auxiliary bridge due to the deepness of the moat. The stone bridge is also called because of its shape. However, both bridges are often mistakenly collectively called Nijūbashi.

Today both bridges are closed to the public except on January 2 and the Emperor's Birthday.

File:Nijuubashi2.jpg, Seimon Tetsubashi (Nijūbashi)
File:Seimon Ishibashi.JPG, Seimon Ishibashi (Meganebashi)

''Fushimi-yagura''

is a two-storey keep that still exists at the western corner leading towards the inner ''Nishinomaru'', flanked by two galleries (''tamon'') on each side. It is the only keep that is left in the ''Nishinomaru''. It comes originally from Fushimi Castle in Kyoto.

''Sakashita-mon''

originally faced the north, but was changed to face the east in the Meiji era. This tower gate overlooks ''Hamaguri-bori''. The assassination of Andō Nobumasa, a member of the ''shōgun''s Council of Elders, occurred outside this gate.

''Momijiyama''

is an area in northern ''Nishinomaru''. The area had shrines dedicated to former ''shōguns'' in which ceremonies were conducted in memory of them and were held regularly.

Tokugawa Ieyasu built a library in 1602 within the Fujimi bower of the castle with many books he obtained from an old library in Kanazawa. In July 1693, a new library was constructed at ''Momijiyama'' (''Momijiyama Bunko'').

The so-called "Momijiyama Bunkobon" are the books from that library, which are preserved in the National Archives of Japan today. This group consists chiefly of books published during the Song dynasty, Korean books that were formerly in the possession of the Kanazawa Bunko library, books presented by the Hayashi family as gifts, and fair copies of books compiled by the Tokugawa government.Tokugawa Memorial Foundation
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''Fukiage''

The is the western area that was made into a firebreak after the great Meireki fire of 1657. The ''Fukiage'' is encircled by the ''Dōkan-bori'' to the ''Nishinomaru'' to the east, the ''Sakurada-bori'' to the south, the ''Hanzō-bori'' to the west, the ''Chidorigafuchi'' to the northwest and the ''Inui-bori'' to the north.

''Inui-mon''

The was in the ''Nishinomaru'' area next to today's headquarters of the Imperial Household Agency and called ''Nishinomaru Ura-mon''. It was moved to its present location between the ''Kitanomaru'' and ''Fukiage'' garden in the Meiji era. It has its name because it was in the northwestern part of the Imperial Palace grounds.

''Hanzōmon''

The is a gate in the ''kōrai'' style. The old gate was destroyed by fire during World War II. The Wadakura Gate was moved here in its stead. The ''Hanzō-mon'' is the only gate to the ''Fukiage'' area from outside today.

File:Imperial Palace Tokyo inuimon gate.jpg, ''Inui-mon'', former ''Nishinomaru Ura-mon''
File:Imperial Palace Tokyo Hanzomon Gate.jpg, ''Hanzō-mon'', former Wadakura Gate

''Kitanomaru''

The is the northern enceinte next to the ''Honmaru''. It was used as a medicinal garden (''Ohanabatake'') during the ''shōgun''s rule. During the 17th century, the Suruga Dainagon residence was there as well, which was used by collateral branches of the Tokugawa clan. Today this site is the location of the public Kitanomaru Park. Not much is left from the times of the Edo Castle except for two gates, ''Shimizu-mon'' and further north ''Tayasu-mon''.

''Kitanomaru'' is surrounded by moats. The ''Inui-bori'' and ''Hirakawa-bori'' to the south separate it from the ''Honmaru'' and ''Chidorigafuchi'' to the west.

Modern Tokyo

Many place names in Tokyo derive from Edo Castle. , , , , , and are examples.

See also

*Kamiyashiki of Matsudaira Tadamasa
*List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments

Notes

References

Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134.
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Further reading

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* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869.'' Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
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External links

Rebuilding "Edo-jo" Association
* National Museum of Japanese History

* National Archives of Japan
''Ryukyu Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu,'' scroll illustrating procession of Ryukyu emissary to Edo, 1710 (''Hōei'' 7).
* National Archives of Japan

* ttp://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

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Special Historic Sites
Go-Hōjō clan